COMET — Carbon Ontology for Markets, Emissions & Trade

Visualization 01 — Architecture

The COMET Seven-Layer Stack

Seven semantic layers from raw measurement to market signal. Each layer is independently versionable. Upper layers depend on lower; contributions target specific layers via labeled PR tags.

L7

Market Signal Layer

Carbon premiums, discounts, EAC spot prices, CBAM shadow prices. Carbon becomes currency — product-level variance drives financial outcomes.

CarbonPremium EACSpotPrice CBAMShadowTariff PricingSignal

L6

Verification & Assurance Layer

Third-party verification endpoints, audit trails, assurance levels (limited vs. reasonable), CADTrust attestation records.

VerificationClaim AssuranceLevel AuditTrail CADTrustAttestation

L5

Environmental Attribute Certificate Layer

EAC classes: I-RECs, CAPs, DAC credits, Book-&-Claim tokens. Registry linkage, retirement events, chain-of-custody.

EAC CertificateRegistry RetirementEvent BookAndClaim

L4

Product Carbon Footprint Layer

ISO 14067 PCF model. Functional unit, system boundary, allocation, LCIA results. PACT v3 data model alignment. GWP100 characterization.

ProductCarbonFootprint FunctionalUnit SystemBoundary AllocationMethod LCIAResult

L3

Supply Chain & Activity Data Layer

Supplier data exchanges, CaRMA bilateral feeds, spend-based estimates → primary activity data. PACT transport layer events.

SupplyChainLink ActivityDataRecord SpendProxy PrimaryData TransportEvent

L2

Emission Factor & LCI Reference Layer

Ecoinvent, Idemat, BAFU, Climatiq, WorldSteel LCI datasets. Provenance, version, geography, GWP100 values per unit. IPCC AR6 characterization.

EmissionFactor LCIDataset GWP100Value DataProvenance

L1

Core Identity & Measurement Primitives

Base ontology: Organizations, Sites, Processes, Materials, Units of Measure, Time periods. W3C QUDT, Schema.org, OWL foundation.

Organization Site Process Material UnitOfMeasure

Sources: ISO 14067:2018 · PACT v3.0 Pathfinder Framework · W3C OWL 2 · GHG Protocol Product Standard · IPCC AR6 WG1

Visualization 02 — Stakeholders

Who Reads, Writes & Governs COMET

Eight primary stakeholder rings — each contributes different artifacts, extracts different value. The ontology serves all simultaneously without privileging any single actor.

Visualization 03 — Maturity Model

Data & Ontology Maturity Levels

Organizations enter COMET at their current data maturity. The ontology supports all levels simultaneously — spend-based proxies through primary verified data — enabling progressive improvement without system replacement.

Domain

L1 — Spend Proxy

L2 — Activity Avg

L3 — Site Primary

L4 — Verified

L5 — Market-Traded

Emission Factor

EEIO spend-based factor ($/kg)

Industry avg (kg CO₂e/unit)

Site-specific primary measured

3rd-party verified, ISO-compliant

EAC-adjusted, registry-linked

Allocation

Mass fraction default

Economic value

Physical causality

PCR-mandated method

Contract-specified

System Boundary

Cradle-to-gate approx.

Defined gate-to-gate

Full cradle-to-gate mapped

Cradle-to-grave, LCA-complete

Dynamic — contract scope

Verification

Self-declared

Internal audit

3rd party limited assurance

Reasonable assurance (ISO)

Continuous digital audit

EAC Linkage

None

Book & claim intent

Book & claim active

Registry-retired, traced

Tokenized, on-chain settlement

PACT Transport

None

CSV batch upload

API endpoint declared

PACT v3 certified connector

Real-time streaming event

Active = supported in COMET v0.1 · Planned = v0.3 roadmap · Sources: GHG Protocol Product Standard · ISO 14067:2018 · WBCSD PACT v3.0

Visualization 04 — Namespace Architecture

Prefix Registry & URI Structure

Stable, dereferenceable URIs per layer. External namespaces imported under COMET control via owl:imports. Third-party contributions extend via sub-namespaces without breaking core.

# COMET Core Prefixes — v0.1 @prefix comet: <https://comet.carbon/v1/core#> @prefix comet-pcf: <https://comet.carbon/v1/pcf#> @prefix comet-eac: <https://comet.carbon/v1/eac#> @prefix comet-ver: <https://comet.carbon/v1/ver#> @prefix comet-mkt: <https://comet.carbon/v1/market#> @prefix comet-sc: <https://comet.carbon/v1/supplychain#> @prefix comet-ef: <https://comet.carbon/v1/emfactor#> # External Alignments @prefix pact: <https://wbcsd.github.io/pact/v3/ont#> @prefix qudt: <http://qudt.org/schema/qudt/> @prefix schema: <https://schema.org/> @prefix prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#> @prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> @prefix iso14067: <https://comet.carbon/v1/iso14067#> # Community Extensions @prefix comet-ext: <https://comet.carbon/ext/{org}#> @prefix comet-beta: <https://comet.carbon/beta#>

URI Governance Rules

RULE 01 — Stability Guarantee

Core namespace URIs never deleted, only deprecated with owl:deprecated true and a replacement pointer. Versioned sub-paths allow simultaneous v1/v2 support.

RULE 02 — Dereferenceable URIs

Every URI returns OWL Turtle on Accept: text/turtle and JSON-LD on Accept: application/ld+json. Human HTML docs served by default (content negotiation).

RULE 03 — Extension Isolation

Community extensions live under comet-ext:{org}. They may extend core classes but never modify them. Promotion from ext→core requires TSC vote.

RULE 04 — Alignment Mapping

PACT v3, GHG Protocol, and ISO 14067 concepts are imported, not redefined. COMET wraps them with owl:equivalentClass mappings maintained in a dedicated alignment module.

Visualization 05 — Data Flow & Transport Layer

COMET as the Semantic Backbone of PACT v3

PACT v3's transport protocol moves PCF data between supply chain actors. COMET provides the shared vocabulary so that data received from any PACT endpoint has a consistent, machine-interpretable meaning.

Upstream — Supplier

Tier-N Supplier

Primary Activity Data

→

CaRMA Portal

Bilateral data exchange

→

COMET Mapper

comet-sc: namespace

→

PCF Calculator

comet-pcf: namespace

PACT v3 Transport Layer — HTTP REST / JSON-LD

PACT Sender

POST /footprints

→

COMET Context

@context injection

→

JSON-LD Graph

Semantic enrichment

→

PACT Receiver

GET /footprints/{id}

Downstream — Verification & Market

PCF Result

comet-pcf:result

→

Verifier API

comet-ver: attestation

→

EAC Registry

comet-eac: certificate

→

Market Pricing

comet-mkt: premium

Sources: WBCSD Pathfinder Network PACT v3.0 Technical Specification · W3C JSON-LD 1.1

Visualization 06 — Standards Alignment

Which Standards Map to Which COMET Layers

COMET does not replace standards — it provides the connective tissue. Each standard maps to one or more layers, and COMET expresses their key concepts in a shared, interoperable vocabulary.

Standard / Framework	Authority	Primary COMET Layer(s)	Key Classes Imported	Mandatory / Voluntary	Geography
ISO 14067:2018	ISO TC207/SC7	L4 PCF L3 SC	FunctionalUnit, SystemBoundary, AllocationMethod, LCIAResult	Voluntary + basis for mandates	Global
PACT v3.0	WBCSD / SEA	L4 PCF L3 SC	ProductFootprint, DataModelExtension, CarbonFootprint	Voluntary	Global
EU CBAM (Reg 2023/956)	European Commission	L7 Market L4 PCF	CBAMDeclaration, EmbeddedEmissions, AuthorisedDeclarant	Mandatory (EU importers)	EU + trading partners
GHG Protocol Product	WBCSD / WRI	L4 PCF L2 EF	Scope1/2/3, ActivityData, EmissionFactor, GWP	Voluntary	Global
EN 15804 + EPD	CEN TC350	L4 PCF L5 EAC	EPDDocument, ImpactCategory (A1–D modules)	Mandatory (EU construction)	EU primary, global EPD programs
IRA 45V Hydrogen	US IRS / DOE	L7 Market L6 Ver	HydrogenCarbonIntensity, QualifiedVerifier, TaxCreditClaim	Mandatory (credit eligibility)	United States
ResponsibleSteel	ResponsibleSteel	L6 Ver L5 EAC	SiteCertification, CarbonIntensityBenchmark	Voluntary	Global steel value chain
ASI Standard	Aluminium Stewardship Initiative	L6 Ver L5 EAC	ASICertification, SmelterEmissionsProfile	Voluntary	Global aluminium
PAS 2050:2011	BSI / Defra	L4 PCF	LandUseChange, BiogenicCarbon, ProductionStage	Voluntary	UK primary, global reference
I-REC Standard	I-REC Standard Foundation	L5 EAC	I-RECCertificate, GenerationUnit, RetirementClaim	Voluntary	Global (non-European)

Visualization 07 — Carbon as Currency

Carbon Variance → Financial Outcome

COMET's market layer (L7) encodes the economic logic: products with lower-than-benchmark carbon intensity command premiums; those above face discounts or regulatory tariffs. The ontology makes this relationship machine-readable and audit-able.

Illustrative. CI = Carbon Intensity. Sources: CBAM Regulation (EU) 2023/956 · SteelZero market data · Rhodium Group hydrogen premium analysis

Visualization 08 — EAC Taxonomy

Environmental Attribute Certificate Class Hierarchy

All EAC types in COMET share a base class with common properties (serial number, registry, issuance date, retirement event). Subclasses specialize for energy, carbon removal, and material certification.

Visualization 09 — Governance

Three-Body Governance Model

COMET governance separates strategic direction (Steering Committee), technical decisions (Technical Steering Committee), and domain working groups. All decisions traceable via public GitHub issues and votes.

Body 01

Steering Committee (SC)

Strategic direction, funding allocation, and formal relationship with standards bodies (ISO, WBCSD, EU Commission). Meets quarterly. Decisions by supermajority (⅔).

Standards orgs Industry associations Regulators (observer)

Seats: 9 (rotating 3-year terms) · Public minutes

Body 02

Technical Steering Committee (TSC)

Ontology architecture decisions, namespace governance, PR merge authority for core layers (L1–L4). Meets monthly. Decisions by simple majority with 2-week public comment.

Ontology engineers LCA specialists Platform architects

Seats: 7 (elected by contributors) · GitHub vote

Body 03

Domain Working Groups (DWG)

Sector-specific extension development (Steel-WG, Hydrogen-WG, Cement-WG, EAC-WG). Open participation. Produce PRs targeting L5–L7 and domain ext: namespaces.

Any contributor Industry experts Platform vendors

Open enrollment · Bi-weekly calls · RFC process

Decision Type	Decision Body	Threshold	Comment Period	Veto Right
New core class (L1–L4)	TSC	Simple majority	21 days	SC (strategic conflict)
URI deprecation / rename	TSC	Supermajority (⅔)	60 days	Any TSC member (delay only)
New domain extension (L5–L7)	DWG + TSC review	DWG consensus + TSC ACK	14 days	None on ext: namespace
New standard alignment module	TSC	Simple majority	30 days	SC (license conflict)
Governance charter amendment	SC	Supermajority (⅔)	90 days	None (SC is final)

Visualization 10 — Contribution Model

How COMET Evolves: The PR Workflow

Any organization or individual can propose changes. The pathway from idea to merged class is deterministic, public, and time-bounded. Layer tags route PRs to the correct review body automatically.

1

File a GitHub Issue with RFC label

Describe the gap, the proposed class/property, and which layer (L1–L7) it targets. Tag with standard (e.g., iso14067, pact-v3, cbam). Issue is auto-assigned to the relevant DWG.

2

DWG Discussion & Refinement (14-day minimum)

Working group comments, requests alignment mapping, checks for existing equivalent classes. A DWG chair signals ready-for-pr when consensus is reached.

3

Open Pull Request (OWL Turtle or YAML-LD)

Contributor submits PR with: class definition, rdfs:label, rdfs:comment, skos:example, alignment triples (owl:equivalentClass), and a SHACL shape for validation.

4

Automated CI Validation

GitHub Actions runs: OWL consistency check (HermiT reasoner), SHACL validation against test instances, namespace uniqueness check, URI dereference test.

5

TSC Review & Merge Decision

For L1–L4: TSC votes (21-day public comment). For L5–L7 and ext:: DWG chair merges with TSC ACK. All votes recorded in GitHub as labeled comments.

6

Release & Version Bump

Merged classes appear in next patch release (semver). Changelog auto-generated. PURL redirects updated. NPM / PyPI packages published with new ontology snapshot.

PR Labeling Convention

layer:L1–L7
Target layer

type:new-class
Change type

std:iso14067
Standard reference

breaking
Semver major bump

sector:steel
Domain tag

status:rfc-open
Review state

SLA Targets — Review Timelines

Ext: namespace PR

7 days

L5–L7 (DWG scope)

14 days

L4 PCF (TSC review)

21 days

L1–L3 core (public comment)

60 days

Breaking / deprecation

90 days

Visualization 11 — CADTrust & Verification Chain

From Measurement to Market-Tradeable Claim

COMET's verification layer (L6) maps the CADTrust carbon data model and third-party audit workflow. Each node in the chain is a typed COMET class with provenance properties — enabling downstream market actors to evaluate claim strength.

Visualization 12 — Core Class Inventory

COMET v0.1 — 48 Core Classes, 7 Modules

A snapshot of the v0.1 class inventory by module. Each cell represents one owl:Class. Green = stable, amber = under review, white = placeholder for community contribution.

L1 CORE

L2 EF

L3 SC

L4 PCF

L5 EAC

L6 VER

L7 MKT

Organization

EmissionFactor

SupplyChainLink

ProductCarbonFootprint

EAC

VerificationClaim

CarbonPremium

Site

LCIDataset

ActivityDataRecord

FunctionalUnit

EnergyAttrCert

AssuranceLevel

MarketBenchmark

Process

GWP100Value

SpendProxy

SystemBoundary

CarbonRemovalCert

AuditTrail

CBMADiscount

Material

DataProvenance

TransportEvent

AllocationMethod

MaterialStewardCert

CADTrustAttestation

PricingSignal

UnitOfMeasure

GeographyScope

PrimaryDataShare

LCIAResult

RetirementEvent

VerificationScope

EACSpotPrice

TimePeriod

TechRepLevel

BookAndClaim

PCRReference

CertRegistry

QualifiedVerifier

[ open slot ]

⬜ White = stable v0.1 ⬜ Amber = v0.2 candidate ⬜ Green = recently merged ⬜ Italic = open for contribution

Visualization 13 — PACT Transport Alignment

COMET Properties Mapped to PACT v3 Fields

PACT v3 defines a JSON schema for PCF exchange. COMET provides the OWL ontology layer that gives those fields semantic identity — enabling SPARQL queries, reasoning, and cross-platform data fusion.

PACT v3 Field	COMET Equivalent	Note
`productId`	`comet:Material`	owl:equivalentClass
`declaredUnit`	`comet:FunctionalUnit`	QUDT unit binding
`pCfExcludingBiogenic`	`comet-pcf:fóssilGWP`	GWP100, AR6
`biogenicCarbonContent`	`comet-pcf:biogenicCarbon`	ISO 14067 §7.3.5
`crossSectoralStandardsUsed`	`comet-pcf:StandardRef`	SKOS concept
`primaryDataShare`	`comet-sc:PrimaryDataShare`	0–100% decimal
`dqi` (data quality)	`comet-sc:DataQualityIndicator`	5-dimension score
`assurance`	`comet-ver:AssuranceLevel`	limited / reasonable
`assurance.providerName`	`comet-ver:QualifiedVerifier`	org URI
`validityPeriod`	`comet:TimePeriod`	ISO 8601 interval

COMET as JSON-LD @context

// PACT v3 payload with COMET context injected { "@context": [ "https://comet.carbon/v1/jsonld/context.json", "https://wbcsd.github.io/pact/v3/context.json" ], "@type": "comet-pcf:ProductCarbonFootprint", "pact:productId": "urn:gtin:09780470571...", "comet:FunctionalUnit": { "qudt:unit": "qudt:KiloGM", "qudt:value": 1 }, "comet-pcf:fóssilGWP": { "@value": 1.85, "qudt:unit": "qudt:KiloGM-CO2e" }, "comet-ver:assuranceLevel": "comet-ver:LimitedAssurance" }

Visualization 14 — Roadmap

COMET Release Roadmap 2025–2028

The ontology evolves in annual major releases. Minor releases (patch) are continuous. Each milestone is tied to regulatory forcing functions or major standard releases.

Q1 2025 — v0.1 Public Draft

Core Layers L1–L4 · PACT v3 alignment · GitHub repo launch

Initial 48-class inventory. SHACL shapes for ISO 14067 required fields. Community RFC process opens. CarbonSig as founding implementer.

Q3 2025 — v0.2

EAC Layer L5 · I-REC, GO, DAC credit classes · CADTrust alignment

Verification layer (L6) beta. CADTrust carbon data model integrated. Bureau Veritas verification endpoint schema published.

Q1 2026 — v1.0 Stable

CBAM mandatory fields · Market layer L7 · ResponsibleSteel & ASI modules

Coincides with CBAM full enforcement (Jan 2026). IRA 45V Hydrogen module. First TSC-elected governance cycle. NPM/PyPI package v1.0 released.

Q3 2026 — v1.1

Cement-WG module · Scope 3 Category 1 deep model · PACT v3.1

EN 15804 multi-impact alignment (GWP, AP, EP, ODP, POCP, ADP). Circular economy flows. CSRD disclosure mapping.

Q1 2027 — v2.0

Nature-based accounting · TNFD alignment · tokenized EAC class

Biodiversity metrics alongside carbon. Scope 3 Category 11 (use phase). On-chain EAC retirement integration (EVM-compatible).

2028 — v3.0 Vision

Real-time streaming · AI-agent query interface · Global regulatory hub

Continuous PCF from IoT signals. SPARQL + LLM natural-language query layer. Formal liaison with ISO TC207 for ontology-native ISO standards.

Regulatory Forcing Functions — Timeline

CBAM Full Enforcement

Jan 2026

CSRD Large Co. Reports

FY 2025

IRA 45V Final Rule

Active

EU EPD Mandate (Construction)

2027

ISO 14067 Revision

~2028

Semver Policy

MAJOR (X.0.0)Breaking changes to core classes L1–L4. 90-day notice minimum. Migration guide required.

MINOR (0.X.0)New non-breaking classes, new modules, alignment updates. 21-day public comment.

PATCH (0.0.X)Documentation, label corrections, SHACL shape fixes, new examples. Continuous release.

Visualization 15 — Data Quality

Five-Dimension DQI — Machine-Readable Quality Scoring

COMET encodes the PACT v3 Data Quality Indicator (DQI) as a typed class with five ordinal properties. Every PCF result carries a DQI instance — enabling automated trust-scoring by downstream systems.

⬡

COVERAGE

What share of inputs have primary data vs. proxies. Score 1–3.

comet-sc:coverageDQI

⬡

TEMPORALITY

Age of emission factors and activity data relative to reporting year.

comet-sc:temporalityDQI

⬡

GEOGRAPHY

Specificity of emission factor geography to actual production location.

comet-sc:geographyDQI

⬡

TECHNOLOGY

Match between emission factor technology and actual process used.

comet-sc:technologyDQI

⬡

RELIABILITY

Data source reliability: measured, calculated, estimated, reported.

comet-sc:reliabilityDQI

DQI framework: WBCSD PACT v3.0 §3.3 · Frischknecht et al. (2005) pedigree matrix · ecoinvent Data Quality Guidelines

Visualization 16 — Module Architecture

COMET as a Modular Ontology — Load Only What You Need

Implementers can import the full ontology or just the modules relevant to their use case. Each module is an independent OWL file with explicit dependencies declared via owl:imports.

Required — Always load

comet-core

Organization, Site, Process, Material, UnitOfMeasure, TimePeriod. Foundation for all other modules. ~12 classes.

owl:imports: QUDT, prov-o

Module 2 — Common use

comet-pcf

Full ISO 14067 product carbon footprint model. FunctionalUnit, SystemBoundary, AllocationMethod, LCIAResult. ~18 classes.

owl:imports: comet-core, comet-ef

Module 3 — Supply chains

comet-supplychain

SupplyChainLink, ActivityDataRecord, DataQualityIndicator, TransportEvent, SpendProxy. PACT transport adapter. ~14 classes.

owl:imports: comet-core, comet-pcf

Module 4 — Reference data

comet-emfactor

EmissionFactor, LCIDataset, GWP100Value, DataProvenance. Links to Ecoinvent, Idemat, BAFU, Climatiq, WorldSteel. ~10 classes.

owl:imports: comet-core

Module 5 — Certificates

comet-eac

EAC, EnergyAttrCert, CarbonRemovalCert, MaterialStewardCert, RetirementEvent, BookAndClaim. ~16 classes.

owl:imports: comet-core, comet-pcf

Module 6 — Verification

comet-verification

VerificationClaim, AssuranceLevel, AuditTrail, CADTrustAttestation, QualifiedVerifier. ~12 classes.

owl:imports: comet-core, prov-o

Module 7 — Markets

comet-market

CarbonPremium, CBMADiscount, EACSpotPrice, MarketBenchmark, PricingSignal. Regulatory tariff hooks. ~10 classes.

owl:imports: comet-core, comet-eac

Community Extensions

comet-ext:{org}

Steel-WG, Hydrogen-WG, Cement-WG, Aluminium-WG extensions. Sector-specific subclasses and properties under org namespaces.

PR-contributed · DWG governed

Visualization 17 — Sector Coverage

Hard-to-Abate Sector Ontology Readiness

Coverage depth varies by sector. Steel and chemicals anchor v0.1. Hydrogen, cement, and aluminium follow in v1.0. Each sector requires sector-specific PCR references and allocation rules mapped as COMET sub-classes.

Visualization 18 — Regulatory Architecture

How COMET Wires Into Compliance Mandates

Regulations require specific data fields. COMET maps each regulatory data requirement to a typed class — enabling automated compliance reporting without custom-coding per regulation.

Regulation 01 — Mandatory 2026

EU CBAM (Reg. 2023/956)

Requires embedded emissions per tonne for steel, cement, aluminium, fertilisers, hydrogen. COMET provides CBMADeclaration class with all required fields as typed properties. Importers generate CBAM XML from COMET instances.

comet-mkt:CBMADeclaration comet-pcf:EmbeddedEmissions

Regulation 02 — Active US

IRA 45V Hydrogen Tax Credit

Requires lifecycle GHG intensity (kg CO₂e / kg H₂) below 4 kg for any credit. Three pillars: additionality, deliverability, temporal matching for clean electricity. COMET HydrogenCI class encodes all three.

comet-ext:HydrogenCI comet-eac:TemporalMatch

Regulation 03 — Mandatory 2025

EU CSRD / ESRS E1

Requires disclosure of Scope 1/2/3 emissions with value chain boundaries. ESRS E1-6 Scope 3 includes purchased goods — directly mapping to COMET's supply chain module and PCF results.

comet-sc:Scope3Cat1 comet-pcf:SupplierPCF

Regulation 04 — EU Mandatory

EU Construction Products (EN 15804)

EPDs for construction products require 7 environmental impact categories (A1–A3 modules minimum). COMET's EN 15804 alignment module handles multi-impact declaration beyond carbon-only.

comet-pcf:EPDDeclaration comet-pcf:ImpactCategory

Regulation 05 — Active Global

PACT v3 Pathfinder Network

PACT v3 mandates specific data fields and API endpoints for PCF exchange between value chain partners. COMET's PACT adapter module ensures semantic interoperability across all certified PACT systems.

comet-pcf:PACTv3Footprint comet-sc:PACTEndpoint

Emerging — Watch list

US SEC Climate Disclosure / UK TCFD

SEC climate disclosure rules and UK TCFD mandate scenario analysis. COMET's market layer can express physical and transition risk scenarios using carbon price paths — planned for v1.1.

comet-mkt:ClimateRisk [planned]

Visualization 19 — Network Effects

The COMET Adoption Flywheel

Each new implementer increases the value of the shared vocabulary. More data flowing through COMET classes means better emission factor coverage, more verified PCFs, and stronger market price signals — compounding the case for adoption.

Visualization 20 — Economic Thesis

Carbon Becomes Currency: The COMET Value Proposition

COMET exists because carbon variance is becoming a financial variable. The ontology is the shared language that makes carbon-as-currency legible to procurement systems, capital markets, and regulatory authorities simultaneously.

Observed Carbon Premiums — Selected Markets (2024–25)

Green H₂ vs. Grey H₂

+$2–4/kg

Low-carbon steel (EAF)

+$40–80/t

CBAM tariff (steel, 2026)

~€50–90/t

EPD discount (construction)

Spec req.

ASI-certified aluminium

+$30–60/t

IRA 45V H₂ tax credit

$3/kg

Sources: BloombergNEF H₂ Economy Outlook · SteelFirst price indices · EU ETS carbon price (ICE) · CBAM Commission Impact Assessment · Rhodium Group

Why a Shared Ontology Unlocks Value

Without a shared vocabulary, carbon data is siloed, incomparable, and untradeable. Procurement systems cannot compare a PCF from CarbonSig with one from a competitor platform. Verifiers cannot automate checks against ISO 14067. Market pricing cannot be algorithmic.

COMET resolves this by providing a neutral, openly governed common layer — analogous to how TCP/IP enabled the internet without any single actor owning it.

The Three Markets COMET Enables

⬡

Compliance

CBAM, CSRD, 45V reporting with machine-verified data

⬡

Procurement

Carbon-adjusted RFQs comparing equivalent verified PCFs

⬡

Capital

ESG funds pricing carbon risk into cost of capital