COMET Visual Reference — 20 Visualizations

Section 1 — Architecture & Structure

What COMET is: seven layers, 48 classes, one modular ontology

V1 — Seven-Layer Stack

Seven layers from measurement to market signal

Each layer is independently versionable and composable. Upper layers depend on lower ones. Contributions target specific layers via labeled PR tags.

V2 — 48 Core Classes Waffle Grid

48 classes across 7 modules at a glance

White = stable v0.1 · Amber = v0.2 candidate · Green = recently merged

L1 Core

L2 EF

L3 SC

L4 PCF

L5 EAC

L6 Ver

L7 Mkt

Organization

EmissionFactor

SupplyChainLink

ProductCarbonFootprint

EAC

VerificationClaim

CarbonPremium

Site

LCIDataset

ActivityDataRecord

FunctionalUnit

EnergyAttrCert

AssuranceLevel

MarketBenchmark

Process

GWP100Value

SpendProxy

SystemBoundary

CarbonRemovalCert

AuditTrail

CBAMDiscount

Material

DataProvenance

TransportEvent

AllocationMethod

MaterialStewardCert

CADTrustAttestation

PricingSignal

UnitOfMeasure

GeographyScope

PrimaryDataShare

LCIAResult

RetirementEvent

QualifiedVerifier

EACSpotPrice

TimePeriod

TechRepLevel

[ contribute ]

PCRReference

BookAndClaim

VerificationScope

[ contribute ]

Stable v0.1

v0.2 Candidate

Recently Merged

Open Slot

V3 — Module Dependency Graph

Every module imports core — load only what you need

Seven OWL namespace modules. Arrows indicate owl:imports. Load the minimum set of modules required for your use case.

V4 — Namespace URI Structure

One namespace, many standards

All COMET classes share the root https://comet.carbon/v1/ namespace pattern. Modules subdivide by concern.

https://comet.carbon/v1/ ├── core#Organization ├── core#Site ├── core#Process ├── core#Material ├── core#UnitOfMeasure ├── core#TimePeriod ├── ef#EmissionFactor ├── ef#LCIDataset ├── ef#GWP100Value ├── sc#SupplyChainLink ├── sc#ActivityDataRecord ├── sc#TransportEvent ├── pcf#ProductCarbonFootprint ├── pcf#FunctionalUnit ├── pcf#SystemBoundary ├── eac#EAC ├── eac#RetirementEvent ├── ver#VerificationClaim ├── ver#AssuranceLevel ├── ver#CADTrustAttestation ├── mkt#CarbonPremium ├── mkt#EACSpotPrice └── mkt#CBAMShadowTariff

Section 2 — Standards Integration

How COMET maps to every major carbon data standard

V5 — Standards × Layer Heatmap

Ten standards. Seven layers. One vocabulary.

Hover cells to see key COMET classes. Dark fill = primary coverage. Light fill = secondary. Empty = not covered.

Standard	L1 Core	L2 EF	L3 SC	L4 PCF	L5 EAC	L6 Ver	L7 Market	Scope	Type
ISO 14067	Score#Organization core#Site	Sef#EmissionFactor ef#GWP100Value	Ssc#ActivityDataRecord	Ppcf#ProductCarbonFootprint pcf#FunctionalUnit pcf#SystemBoundary	—	—	—	Global	Mandatory
PACT v3	—	—	Ssc#PrimaryDataShare sc#DataQualityIndicator	Ppcf#ProductCarbonFootprint pcf#AllocationMethod pcf#PCRReference	—	Sver#AssuranceLevel ver#QualifiedVerifier	—	Global	Voluntary
EU CBAM	Score#Organization core#Site	—	—	Ppcf#ProductCarbonFootprint pcf#SystemBoundary	—	Sver#VerificationClaim	Pmkt#CBAMShadowTariff mkt#CBAMDiscount	EU	Mandatory
GHG Protocol	Score#Organization	Sef#EmissionFactor ef#GWP100Value	Ssc#SupplyChainLink	Ppcf#ProductCarbonFootprint pcf#SystemBoundary pcf#AllocationMethod	—	—	—	Global	Voluntary
EN 15804 / EPD	—	Sef#LCIDataset	—	Ppcf#ProductCarbonFootprint pcf#FunctionalUnit pcf#LCIAResult	Seac#MaterialStewardCert	—	—	EU/Global	Mandatory
IRA 45V	—	—	—	Spcf#ProductCarbonFootprint	—	Sver#VerificationClaim	Pmkt#CarbonPremium mkt#PricingSignal	US	Mandatory
ResponsibleSteel	—	—	—	—	Seac#MaterialStewardCert	Pver#VerificationClaim ver#AssuranceLevel ver#AuditTrail	—	Global	Voluntary
ASI	—	—	—	—	Seac#MaterialStewardCert	Pver#VerificationClaim ver#QualifiedVerifier	—	Global	Voluntary
PAS 2050	—	Sef#EmissionFactor	—	Ppcf#ProductCarbonFootprint pcf#SystemBoundary	—	—	—	UK/Global	Voluntary
I-REC	—	—	—	—	Peac#EAC eac#EnergyAttrCert eac#RetirementEvent	Sver#VerificationClaim	—	Global	Voluntary
CAD Trust v2.0.2	Score#Organization core#Site	—	—	—	Peac#EAC eac#CarbonRemovalCert eac#BookAndClaim	Pver#VerificationClaim ver#CADTrustAttestation ver#AuditTrail	Smkt#CarbonPremium	Global	Voluntary

P = Primary coverage · S = Secondary coverage · Hover cells for key COMET classes

V6 — PACT v3 Field Alignment

PACT v3 fields flow directly into COMET classes

Every PACT v3 ProductFootprint field maps to a COMET class via owl:equivalentClass or owl:equivalentProperty. Drop-in JSON-LD @context upgrades any PACT payload.

V7 — CBAM Declaration Anatomy

Anatomy of a CBAM declaration in COMET

EU CBAM Regulation 2023/956 embedded emissions declarations mapped to COMET classes. Accent red = CBAM-specific classes. Blue = shared COMET classes.

V8 — CAD Trust Entity Map

13 CAD Trust tables mapped to COMET namespaces

CAD Trust v2.0.2 defines 13 tables covering the full carbon credit lifecycle. Each maps to COMET layer classes. Color = COMET layer.

Section 3 — Data Architecture

How carbon data flows through COMET

V9 — Semantic Middleware Pipeline

From producer to consumer in one semantic hop

COMET acts as the semantic middleware layer. Producers emit proprietary formats. COMET JSON-LD context injection normalizes all payloads. Consumers receive standardized, machine-readable data.

V10 — JSON-LD Before / After

JSON-LD injection: before and after

The data itself is unchanged. Only the @context and @type annotations are added, transforming a plain JSON payload into a semantic RDF graph.

Before: Raw PACT v3 JSON

// Plain JSON — no semantic identity
{
  "productId": "urn:uuid:abc123",
  "declaredUnit": "kilogram",
  "pCfExcludingBiogenic": 2.4,
  "biogenicCarbonContent": 0.1,
  "primaryDataShare": 62.5,
  "assurance": {
    "coverage": "PCF system",
    "level": "limited",
    "providerName": "Bureau Veritas"
  },
  "validityPeriod": {
    "start": "2024-01-01",
    "end": "2025-12-31"
  }
}

After: COMET JSON-LD (semantic)

// Semantic — machine-resolvable identity
{
  "@context": "https://comet.carbon/v1/context.jsonld",
  "@type": "comet-pcf:ProductCarbonFootprint",
  "productId": "urn:uuid:abc123",
  "declaredUnit": "qudt:KiloGM",
  "pCfExcludingBiogenic": 2.4,
  "biogenicCarbonContent": 0.1,
  "primaryDataShare": 62.5,
  "assurance": {
    "@type": "comet-ver:AssuranceLevel",
    "coverage": "PCF system",
    "level": "limited",
    "providerName": {
      "@type": "comet-ver:QualifiedVerifier"
    }
  },
  "validityPeriod": {
    "@type": "comet:TimePeriod",
    "start": "2024-01-01",
    "end": "2025-12-31"
  }
}

V11 — Data Quality Radar

Five dimensions of data quality, scored

Primary data (measured) consistently outperforms spend-based secondary estimates across all five DQI dimensions. Scale 1 (low) to 5 (high).

Primary / measured data

Secondary / spend-based estimate

V12 — Scope 3 Category Map

15 Scope 3 categories, all mapped

GHG Protocol Scope 3 Categories 1–15 each map to specific COMET classes, enabling structured data collection and automated footprint calculation.

C1

Purchased goods & services

comet-sc:SupplyChainLink + comet-pcf:ProductCarbonFootprint

C2

Capital goods

comet-sc:SupplyChainLink

C3

Fuel and energy activities

comet-ef:EmissionFactor + comet-eac:EAC

C4

Upstream transportation

comet-sc:TransportEvent

C5

Waste generated in operations

comet-sc:ActivityDataRecord

C6

Business travel

comet-sc:ActivityDataRecord

C7

Employee commuting

comet-sc:ActivityDataRecord

C8

Upstream leased assets

comet-sc:ActivityDataRecord

C9

Downstream transportation

comet-sc:TransportEvent

C10

Processing of sold products

comet-pcf:ProductCarbonFootprint

C11

Use of sold products

comet-pcf:SystemBoundary

C12

End-of-life treatment

comet-pcf:SystemBoundary

C13

Downstream leased assets

comet-sc:ActivityDataRecord

C14

Franchises

comet-sc:ActivityDataRecord

C15

Investments

comet-mkt:CarbonPremium + comet-sc:SupplyChainLink

Section 4 — Governance & Growth

How COMET evolves: open governance, clear process

V13 — Three-Body Governance

Three bodies. Clear separation of concerns.

Proposals flow upward: Working Groups identify gaps, TSC reviews technical consistency, Steering Committee approves direction and funding.

Steering Committee — Direction

Strategic oversight, funding, standards liaison

Sets COMET direction and funding. Liaison with ISO, WBCSD, EU, IEA. Approves major version releases. Members: industrial CXOs, standards body representatives, regulatory observers, Carbon Finance Lab.

Technical Steering Committee (TSC) — Review

Ontology versions, schema review, SHACL shapes

Reviews all PRs for naming consistency, OWL validity, and standards alignment. Publishes SHACL validation shapes. Manages namespace versioning (v0.x → v1.0). Members: ontology engineers, LCA practitioners, platform architects.

Steel WG

Steel sector classes

ResponsibleSteel, EAF carbon intensity, blast furnace emissions mapping.

Hydrogen WG

Green H₂ classes

IRA 45V lifecycle rules, electrolysis pathway, 45VH2 premium signal.

Cement / Chem WGs

Process industries

Clinker ratio, carbon capture, CBAM CN codes for cement and chemicals.

V14 — Contribution / Extension Workflow

How to extend COMET: the PR workflow

Any community member can propose new classes, properties, or standard mappings. All changes go through a structured GitHub PR process with TSC review.

01

Identify Gap

Find missing class, property, or standard mapping. Check existing Issues to avoid duplicates.

02

Open Issue

GitHub Issue with template: layer target, class name, properties list, standards reference.

03

Fork & Branch

Fork repo. Create branch: layer/class-name e.g. pcf/LCAPhase

04

Write OWL

Add owl:Class with rdfs:label, rdfs:comment, owl:equivalentClass triples in Turtle syntax.

05

Add SHACL

Write SHACL NodeShape with property constraints, cardinality, and datatype rules.

06

Submit PR

PR checklist: OWL valid, SHACL shapes pass, test data included, mapping table updated.

07

TSC Review

Technical Steering Committee reviews: naming, consistency, standards alignment, SHACL correctness.

08

Merge & Release

Merged into next minor version. Changelog updated. NPM/PyPI packages republished.

All contributions via public GitHub — github.com/nickgogerty/comet-ontology — full audit trail maintained

V15 — Adoption Flywheel

The adoption flywheel: more data, more value

Each new adopter increases the value for all existing participants. Data quality improves with volume. Market trust follows data quality.

V16 — Release Roadmap Timeline

From v0.1 to v3.0: milestone by forcing function

Regulatory deadlines drive adoption milestones. CBAM full enforcement in Jan 2026 is the primary forcing function for v1.0 stable release.

Section 5 — Stakeholders & Markets

Who benefits, what’s at stake, and what’s being priced

V17 — Stakeholder Value Matrix

Six roles. Six problems solved.

Each stakeholder type faces a distinct pain point. COMET resolves each through a specific technical mechanism.

Role	Before COMET	With COMET	Key Feature
Industrial Buyers	Incomparable supplier PCFs across different methodologies, units, scope boundaries	Equal-footing supplier comparison. Auto-generate CBAM declarations from structured data.	pcf:ProductCarbonFootprint mkt:CBAMDeclaration
Carbon Verifiers	Static PDFs, manual data re-entry, no machine-readable audit trail	Issue machine-readable verification claims with full audit trail attached as structured data.	ver:VerificationClaim ver:AuditTrail
Platform Vendors	Custom integrations per customer. Re-map every partner's data model.	One npm package. Instant interoperability with any COMET-compliant platform.	@comet/ontology JSON-LD @context
Regulators	No single reference standard for machine-readable carbon data. Multiple incompatible formats.	Reference proven open standard for CBAM, CSRD, and IRA 45V compliance frameworks.	mkt:CBAMShadowTariff core:Organization
LCA Practitioners	SimaPro/openLCA exports are proprietary. No universal downstream format.	Export results in COMET JSON-LD. Any downstream system reads without translation.	ef:LCIDataset pcf:LCIAResult
Financial Markets	Sector-average carbon risk proxies. No product-level verified data for pricing.	Price carbon risk using verified, product-level data rather than sector averages.	mkt:CarbonPremium mkt:EACSpotPrice

V18 — Regulatory Compliance Calendar

The regulatory calendar drives adoption

Regulatory deadlines create hard forcing functions. Jan 2026 CBAM full enforcement triggers the largest immediate demand for structured carbon data infrastructure.

V19 — EAC Certificate Taxonomy

EAC certificates: a taxonomy of environmental claims

The EAC class hierarchy in COMET covers all major certificate families. Each subclass maps to specific registry and standard sources.

V20 — Carbon Premium Signal Bars

Carbon premiums are real and growing

Product-level carbon premiums and discounts are measurable today. COMET’s L7 market layer makes these signals queryable, comparable, and verifiable.